Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Community Comparison

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Bulgarian
Race
Ancestry
AfghanAfricanAlaska NativeAlaskan AthabascanAlbanianAleutAlsatianAmericanApacheArabArapahoArgentineanArmenianAssyrian/Chaldean/SyriacAustralianAustrianBahamianBangladeshiBarbadianBasqueBelgianBelizeanBermudanBhutaneseBlackfeetBolivianBrazilianBritishBritish West IndianBulgarianBurmeseCajunCambodianCanadianCape VerdeanCarpatho RusynCelticCentral AmericanCentral American IndianCherokeeCheyenneChickasawChileanChineseChippewaChoctawColombianComancheCosta RicanCreeCreekCroatianCrowCubanCypriotCzechCzechoslovakianDanishDelawareDominicanDutchDutch West IndianEastern EuropeanEcuadorianEgyptianEnglishEstonianEthiopianEuropeanFijianFilipinoFinnishFrenchFrench American IndianFrench CanadianGermanGerman RussianGhanaianGreekGuamanian/ChamorroGuatemalanGuyaneseHaitianHmongHonduranHopiHoumaHungarianIcelanderIndian (Asian)IndonesianInupiatIranianIraqiIrishIroquoisIsraeliItalianJamaicanJapaneseJordanianKenyanKiowaKoreanLaotianLatvianLebaneseLiberianLithuanianLumbeeLuxembourgerMacedonianMalaysianMalteseMarshalleseMenomineeMexicanMexican American IndianMongolianMoroccanNative HawaiianNavajoNepaleseNew ZealanderNicaraguanNigerianNorthern EuropeanNorwegianOkinawanOsageOttawaPakistaniPalestinianPanamanianParaguayanPennsylvania GermanPeruvianPolishPortuguesePotawatomiPuebloPuerto RicanPuget Sound SalishRomanianRussianSalvadoranSamoanScandinavianScotch-IrishScottishSeminoleSenegaleseSerbianShoshoneSierra LeoneanSiouxSlavicSlovakSloveneSomaliSouth AfricanSouth AmericanSouth American IndianSoviet UnionSpaniardSpanishSpanish AmericanSpanish American IndianSri LankanSubsaharan AfricanSudaneseSwedishSwissSyrianTaiwaneseThaiTlingit-HaidaTohono O'OdhamTonganTrinidadian and TobagonianTsimshianTurkishU.S. Virgin IslanderUgandanUkrainianUruguayanVenezuelanVietnameseWelshWest IndianYakamaYaquiYugoslavianYumanYup'ikZimbabwean
Immigration
NonimmigrantsImmigrantsAfghanistanAfricaAlbaniaArgentinaArmeniaAsiaAustraliaAustriaBahamasBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBrazilBurma/MyanmarCabo VerdeCambodiaCameroonCanadaCaribbeanCentral AmericaChileChinaColombiaCongoCosta RicaCroatiaCubaCzechoslovakiaDenmarkDominicaDominican RepublicEastern AfricaEastern AsiaEastern EuropeEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEnglandEritreaEthiopiaEuropeFijiFranceGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuyanaHaitiHondurasHong KongHungaryIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKoreaKuwaitLaosLatin AmericaLatviaLebanonLiberiaLithuaniaMalaysiaMexicoMicronesiaMiddle AfricaMoldovaMoroccoNepalNetherlandsNicaraguaNigeriaNorth AmericaNorth MacedoniaNorthern AfricaNorthern EuropeNorwayOceaniaPakistanPanamaPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalRomaniaRussiaSaudi ArabiaScotlandSenegalSerbiaSierra LeoneSingaporeSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth AmericaSouth Central AsiaSouth Eastern AsiaSouthern EuropeSpainSri LankaSt. Vincent and the GrenadinesSudanSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTaiwanThailandTrinidad and TobagoTurkeyUgandaUkraineUruguayUzbekistanVenezuelaVietnamWest IndiesWestern AfricaWestern AsiaWestern EuropeYemenZaireZimbabweAzores
Immigrants from Bulgaria
Race
Ancestry
AfghanAfricanAlaska NativeAlaskan AthabascanAlbanianAleutAlsatianAmericanApacheArabArapahoArgentineanArmenianAssyrian/Chaldean/SyriacAustralianAustrianBahamianBangladeshiBarbadianBasqueBelgianBelizeanBermudanBhutaneseBlackfeetBolivianBrazilianBritishBritish West IndianBurmeseCajunCambodianCanadianCape VerdeanCarpatho RusynCelticCentral AmericanCentral American IndianCherokeeCheyenneChickasawChileanChineseChippewaChoctawColombianColvilleComancheCosta RicanCreeCreekCroatianCrowCubanCypriotCzechCzechoslovakianDanishDelawareDominicanDutchDutch West IndianEastern EuropeanEcuadorianEgyptianEnglishEstonianEthiopianEuropeanFijianFilipinoFinnishFrenchFrench American IndianFrench CanadianGermanGerman RussianGhanaianGreekGuamanian/ChamorroGuatemalanGuyaneseHaitianHmongHonduranHopiHoumaHungarianIcelanderIndian (Asian)IndonesianInupiatIranianIraqiIrishIroquoisIsraeliItalianJamaicanJapaneseJordanianKenyanKiowaKoreanLaotianLatvianLebaneseLiberianLithuanianLumbeeLuxembourgerMacedonianMalaysianMalteseMarshalleseMenomineeMexicanMexican American IndianMongolianMoroccanNative HawaiianNavajoNepaleseNew ZealanderNicaraguanNigerianNorthern EuropeanNorwegianOkinawanOsageOttawaPaiutePakistaniPalestinianPanamanianParaguayanPennsylvania GermanPeruvianPimaPolishPortuguesePotawatomiPuebloPuerto RicanPuget Sound SalishRomanianRussianSalvadoranSamoanScandinavianScotch-IrishScottishSeminoleSenegaleseSerbianShoshoneSierra LeoneanSiouxSlavicSlovakSloveneSomaliSouth AfricanSouth AmericanSouth American IndianSoviet UnionSpaniardSpanishSpanish AmericanSpanish American IndianSri LankanSubsaharan AfricanSudaneseSwedishSwissSyrianTaiwaneseThaiTlingit-HaidaTohono O'OdhamTonganTrinidadian and TobagonianTsimshianTurkishU.S. Virgin IslanderUgandanUkrainianUruguayanUteVenezuelanVietnameseWelshWest IndianYakamaYaquiYugoslavianYumanYup'ikZimbabwean
Immigration
NonimmigrantsImmigrantsAfghanistanAfricaAlbaniaArgentinaArmeniaAsiaAustraliaAustriaBahamasBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelgiumBelizeBoliviaBosnia and HerzegovinaBrazilBulgariaBurma/MyanmarCabo VerdeCambodiaCameroonCanadaCaribbeanCentral AmericaChileChinaColombiaCongoCosta RicaCroatiaCubaCzechoslovakiaDenmarkDominicaDominican RepublicEastern AfricaEastern AsiaEastern EuropeEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEnglandEritreaEthiopiaEuropeFijiFranceGermanyGhanaGreeceGrenadaGuatemalaGuyanaHaitiHondurasHong KongHungaryIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIrelandIsraelItalyJamaicaJapanJordanKazakhstanKenyaKoreaKuwaitLaosLatin AmericaLatviaLebanonLiberiaLithuaniaMalaysiaMexicoMicronesiaMiddle AfricaMoldovaMoroccoNepalNetherlandsNicaraguaNigeriaNorth AmericaNorth MacedoniaNorthern AfricaNorthern EuropeNorwayOceaniaPakistanPanamaPeruPhilippinesPolandPortugalRomaniaRussiaSaudi ArabiaScotlandSenegalSerbiaSierra LeoneSingaporeSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth AmericaSouth Central AsiaSouth Eastern AsiaSouthern EuropeSpainSri LankaSt. Vincent and the GrenadinesSudanSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTaiwanThailandTrinidad and TobagoTurkeyUgandaUkraineUruguayUzbekistanVenezuelaVietnamWest IndiesWestern AfricaWestern AsiaWestern EuropeYemenZaireZimbabweAzores
Social Comparison
Social Comparison
Income
Poverty
Unemployment
Labor Participation
Family Structure
Vehicle Availability
Education Level
Disability

Social Comparison

Bulgarians

Immigrants from Bulgaria

Exceptional
Exceptional
9,824
SOCIAL INDEX
95.7/ 100
SOCIAL RATING
7th/ 347
SOCIAL RANK
9,663
SOCIAL INDEX
94.1/ 100
SOCIAL RATING
9th/ 347
SOCIAL RANK

Immigrants from Bulgaria Integration in Bulgarian Communities

The statistical analysis conducted on geographies consisting of 162,456,645 people shows a very strong positive correlation between the proportion of Immigrants from Bulgaria within Bulgarian communities in the United States with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.885. On average, for every 1% (one percent) increase in Bulgarians within a typical geography, there is an increase of 0.709% in Immigrants from Bulgaria. To illustrate, in a geography comprising of 100,000 individuals, a rise of 1,000 Bulgarians corresponds to an increase of 708.8 Immigrants from Bulgaria.
Bulgarian Integration in Immigrants from Bulgaria Communities

Difference between Bulgarian Ancestry and Immigrants from Bulgaria

While Bulgarian ancestry and immigrants from Bulgaria may have similarities, there are subtle differences that set them apart.

Bulgarian Ancestry

Bulgarian ancestry refers to a person's genetic, cultural, and historical connection to Bulgaria through their family lineage. This means that the person has Bulgarian heritage and is likely to share some characteristics and cultural traits that are associated with Bulgaria, such as language, customs, and traditions. It is possible to have Bulgarian ancestry without being an immigrant from Bulgaria.

Immigrant from Bulgaria

On the other hand, an immigrant from Bulgaria is a person who has moved from Bulgaria to the United States, with the intention of settling there. This person has left their country of origin and has become a citizen or resident of the United States. An immigrant from Bulgaria may or may not have Bulgarian ancestry, and their cultural background and identity may be influenced by a combination of their Bulgarian heritage and the culture of the United States.

Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Income

When considering income, the most significant differences between Bulgarian and Immigrants from Bulgaria communities in the United States are seen in wage/income gap (27.8% compared to 26.3%, a difference of 5.9%), householder income ages 45 - 64 years ($113,883 compared to $109,379, a difference of 4.1%), and median family income ($117,818 compared to $113,461, a difference of 3.8%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of median female earnings ($43,638 compared to $43,085, a difference of 1.3%), householder income under 25 years ($54,352 compared to $53,305, a difference of 2.0%), and median earnings ($52,512 compared to $51,318, a difference of 2.3%).
Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Income
Income MetricBulgarianImmigrants from Bulgaria
Per Capita Income
Exceptional
$50,906
Exceptional
$49,482
Median Family Income
Exceptional
$117,818
Exceptional
$113,461
Median Household Income
Exceptional
$96,290
Exceptional
$93,148
Median Earnings
Exceptional
$52,512
Exceptional
$51,318
Median Male Earnings
Exceptional
$62,378
Exceptional
$60,358
Median Female Earnings
Exceptional
$43,638
Exceptional
$43,085
Householder Age | Under 25 years
Exceptional
$54,352
Exceptional
$53,305
Householder Age | 25 - 44 years
Exceptional
$107,264
Exceptional
$103,423
Householder Age | 45 - 64 years
Exceptional
$113,883
Exceptional
$109,379
Householder Age | Over 65 years
Exceptional
$66,236
Exceptional
$64,379
Wage/Income Gap
Tragic
27.8%
Fair
26.3%

Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Poverty

When considering poverty, the most significant differences between Bulgarian and Immigrants from Bulgaria communities in the United States are seen in married-couple family poverty (4.0% compared to 4.4%, a difference of 10.8%), child poverty under the age of 16 (13.0% compared to 14.3%, a difference of 10.2%), and family poverty (7.1% compared to 7.8%, a difference of 10.1%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of single male poverty (11.7% compared to 11.6%, a difference of 0.87%), single female poverty (18.8% compared to 19.1%, a difference of 1.9%), and single mother poverty (26.5% compared to 27.1%, a difference of 2.2%).
Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Poverty
Poverty MetricBulgarianImmigrants from Bulgaria
Poverty
Exceptional
10.2%
Exceptional
11.1%
Families
Exceptional
7.1%
Exceptional
7.8%
Males
Exceptional
9.3%
Exceptional
10.1%
Females
Exceptional
11.1%
Exceptional
12.0%
Females 18 to 24 years
Exceptional
18.1%
Exceptional
18.6%
Females 25 to 34 years
Exceptional
11.5%
Exceptional
11.8%
Children Under 5 years
Exceptional
13.9%
Exceptional
14.8%
Children Under 16 years
Exceptional
13.0%
Exceptional
14.3%
Boys Under 16 years
Exceptional
13.3%
Exceptional
14.5%
Girls Under 16 years
Exceptional
13.1%
Exceptional
14.4%
Single Males
Exceptional
11.7%
Exceptional
11.6%
Single Females
Exceptional
18.8%
Exceptional
19.1%
Single Fathers
Exceptional
15.8%
Exceptional
15.0%
Single Mothers
Exceptional
26.5%
Exceptional
27.1%
Married Couples
Exceptional
4.0%
Exceptional
4.4%
Seniors Over 65 years
Exceptional
9.3%
Exceptional
10.1%
Seniors Over 75 years
Exceptional
10.7%
Exceptional
11.5%
Receiving Food Stamps
Exceptional
8.9%
Exceptional
9.8%

Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Unemployment

When considering unemployment, the most significant differences between Bulgarian and Immigrants from Bulgaria communities in the United States are seen in unemployment among seniors over 75 years (9.4% compared to 8.5%, a difference of 11.0%), unemployment among women with children under 18 years (4.8% compared to 5.1%, a difference of 6.2%), and unemployment among women with children ages 6 to 17 years (8.4% compared to 8.1%, a difference of 4.6%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of unemployment among ages 20 to 24 years (9.9% compared to 9.9%, a difference of 0.77%), unemployment among ages 60 to 64 years (4.7% compared to 4.7%, a difference of 0.95%), and unemployment among ages 30 to 34 years (4.7% compared to 4.8%, a difference of 2.0%).
Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Unemployment
Unemployment MetricBulgarianImmigrants from Bulgaria
Unemployment
Exceptional
4.7%
Exceptional
4.9%
Males
Exceptional
4.8%
Exceptional
5.0%
Females
Exceptional
4.7%
Exceptional
4.9%
Youth < 25
Exceptional
10.9%
Exceptional
11.2%
Age | 16 to 19 years
Exceptional
16.3%
Exceptional
17.0%
Age | 20 to 24 years
Exceptional
9.9%
Exceptional
9.9%
Age | 25 to 29 years
Exceptional
6.1%
Exceptional
5.9%
Age | 30 to 34 years
Exceptional
4.7%
Exceptional
4.8%
Age | 35 to 44 years
Exceptional
4.3%
Exceptional
4.4%
Age | 45 to 54 years
Exceptional
4.1%
Exceptional
4.2%
Age | 55 to 59 years
Exceptional
4.3%
Exceptional
4.5%
Age | 60 to 64 years
Exceptional
4.7%
Exceptional
4.7%
Age | 65 to 74 years
Exceptional
5.0%
Exceptional
5.1%
Seniors > 65
Exceptional
4.8%
Exceptional
5.0%
Seniors > 75
Tragic
9.4%
Excellent
8.5%
Women w/ Children < 6
Exceptional
6.5%
Exceptional
6.3%
Women w/ Children 6 to 17
Exceptional
8.4%
Exceptional
8.1%
Women w/ Children < 18
Exceptional
4.8%
Exceptional
5.1%

Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Labor Participation

When considering labor participation, the most significant differences between Bulgarian and Immigrants from Bulgaria communities in the United States are seen in in labor force | age 16-19 (38.3% compared to 37.3%, a difference of 2.9%), in labor force | age 20-24 (76.4% compared to 75.8%, a difference of 0.74%), and in labor force | age 45-54 (84.2% compared to 83.8%, a difference of 0.48%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of in labor force | age 30-34 (86.0% compared to 86.0%, a difference of 0.0%), in labor force | age 20-64 (81.1% compared to 81.0%, a difference of 0.12%), and in labor force | age 25-29 (86.0% compared to 85.8%, a difference of 0.21%).
Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Labor Participation
Labor Participation MetricBulgarianImmigrants from Bulgaria
In Labor Force | Age > 16
Exceptional
66.4%
Exceptional
66.6%
In Labor Force | Age 20-64
Exceptional
81.1%
Exceptional
81.0%
In Labor Force | Age 16-19
Exceptional
38.3%
Excellent
37.3%
In Labor Force | Age 20-24
Exceptional
76.4%
Exceptional
75.8%
In Labor Force | Age 25-29
Exceptional
86.0%
Exceptional
85.8%
In Labor Force | Age 30-34
Exceptional
86.0%
Exceptional
86.0%
In Labor Force | Age 35-44
Exceptional
85.5%
Exceptional
85.2%
In Labor Force | Age 45-54
Exceptional
84.2%
Exceptional
83.8%

Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Family Structure

When considering family structure, the most significant differences between Bulgarian and Immigrants from Bulgaria communities in the United States are seen in single mother households (5.3% compared to 5.6%, a difference of 5.3%), married-couple households (48.5% compared to 47.0%, a difference of 3.2%), and currently married (49.1% compared to 47.9%, a difference of 2.6%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of divorced or separated (11.5% compared to 11.5%, a difference of 0.020%), family households with children (27.0% compared to 26.9%, a difference of 0.33%), and family households (63.6% compared to 63.0%, a difference of 0.99%).
Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Family Structure
Family Structure MetricBulgarianImmigrants from Bulgaria
Family Households
Tragic
63.6%
Tragic
63.0%
Family Households with Children
Tragic
27.0%
Tragic
26.9%
Married-couple Households
Exceptional
48.5%
Good
47.0%
Average Family Size
Tragic
3.13
Tragic
3.16
Single Father Households
Exceptional
2.0%
Exceptional
2.0%
Single Mother Households
Exceptional
5.3%
Exceptional
5.6%
Currently Married
Exceptional
49.1%
Exceptional
47.9%
Divorced or Separated
Exceptional
11.5%
Exceptional
11.5%
Births to Unmarried Women
Exceptional
27.1%
Exceptional
27.6%

Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Vehicle Availability

When considering vehicle availability, the most significant differences between Bulgarian and Immigrants from Bulgaria communities in the United States are seen in no vehicles in household (9.0% compared to 10.5%, a difference of 17.1%), 3 or more vehicles in household (18.8% compared to 17.7%, a difference of 6.1%), and 4 or more vehicles in household (5.8% compared to 5.5%, a difference of 5.4%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of 1 or more vehicles in household (91.1% compared to 89.6%, a difference of 1.7%), 2 or more vehicles in household (56.5% compared to 54.3%, a difference of 4.2%), and 4 or more vehicles in household (5.8% compared to 5.5%, a difference of 5.4%).
Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Vehicle Availability
Vehicle Availability MetricBulgarianImmigrants from Bulgaria
No Vehicles Available
Exceptional
9.0%
Average
10.5%
1+ Vehicles Available
Exceptional
91.1%
Average
89.6%
2+ Vehicles Available
Excellent
56.5%
Poor
54.3%
3+ Vehicles Available
Poor
18.8%
Tragic
17.7%
4+ Vehicles Available
Tragic
5.8%
Tragic
5.5%

Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Education Level

When considering education level, the most significant differences between Bulgarian and Immigrants from Bulgaria communities in the United States are seen in no schooling completed (1.6% compared to 1.9%, a difference of 17.0%), doctorate degree (2.4% compared to 2.3%, a difference of 5.9%), and professional degree (5.7% compared to 5.5%, a difference of 3.5%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of nursery school (98.4% compared to 98.1%, a difference of 0.29%), kindergarten (98.4% compared to 98.1%, a difference of 0.30%), and 1st grade (98.4% compared to 98.1%, a difference of 0.30%).
Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Education Level
Education Level MetricBulgarianImmigrants from Bulgaria
No Schooling Completed
Exceptional
1.6%
Exceptional
1.9%
Nursery School
Exceptional
98.4%
Excellent
98.1%
Kindergarten
Exceptional
98.4%
Excellent
98.1%
1st Grade
Exceptional
98.4%
Excellent
98.1%
2nd Grade
Exceptional
98.3%
Excellent
98.0%
3rd Grade
Exceptional
98.3%
Excellent
97.9%
4th Grade
Exceptional
98.1%
Exceptional
97.7%
5th Grade
Exceptional
98.0%
Exceptional
97.6%
6th Grade
Exceptional
97.8%
Exceptional
97.3%
7th Grade
Exceptional
97.1%
Exceptional
96.4%
8th Grade
Exceptional
96.9%
Exceptional
96.2%
9th Grade
Exceptional
96.2%
Exceptional
95.5%
10th Grade
Exceptional
95.4%
Exceptional
94.6%
11th Grade
Exceptional
94.5%
Exceptional
93.6%
12th Grade, No Diploma
Exceptional
93.5%
Exceptional
92.5%
High School Diploma
Exceptional
91.8%
Exceptional
90.6%
GED/Equivalency
Exceptional
89.0%
Exceptional
87.8%
College, Under 1 year
Exceptional
71.1%
Exceptional
70.0%
College, 1 year or more
Exceptional
65.5%
Exceptional
64.6%
Associate's Degree
Exceptional
53.3%
Exceptional
52.4%
Bachelor's Degree
Exceptional
45.3%
Exceptional
44.6%
Master's Degree
Exceptional
18.8%
Exceptional
18.3%
Professional Degree
Exceptional
5.7%
Exceptional
5.5%
Doctorate Degree
Exceptional
2.4%
Exceptional
2.3%

Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Disability

When considering disability, the most significant differences between Bulgarian and Immigrants from Bulgaria communities in the United States are seen in disability age under 5 (1.3% compared to 1.1%, a difference of 20.6%), hearing disability (3.0% compared to 2.9%, a difference of 4.3%), and disability age 18 to 34 (6.5% compared to 6.2%, a difference of 3.6%). Conversely, both communities are more comparable in terms of disability (11.0% compared to 10.9%, a difference of 0.26%), female disability (11.3% compared to 11.4%, a difference of 0.57%), and ambulatory disability (5.6% compared to 5.6%, a difference of 0.66%).
Bulgarian vs Immigrants from Bulgaria Disability
Disability MetricBulgarianImmigrants from Bulgaria
Disability
Exceptional
11.0%
Exceptional
10.9%
Males
Exceptional
10.6%
Exceptional
10.5%
Females
Exceptional
11.3%
Exceptional
11.4%
Age | Under 5 years
Poor
1.3%
Exceptional
1.1%
Age | 5 to 17 years
Exceptional
5.2%
Exceptional
5.4%
Age | 18 to 34 years
Good
6.5%
Exceptional
6.2%
Age | 35 to 64 years
Exceptional
9.7%
Exceptional
9.8%
Age | 65 to 74 years
Exceptional
21.1%
Exceptional
21.4%
Age | Over 75 years
Exceptional
45.1%
Exceptional
45.5%
Vision
Exceptional
1.9%
Exceptional
2.0%
Hearing
Fair
3.0%
Good
2.9%
Cognitive
Exceptional
16.3%
Exceptional
16.7%
Ambulatory
Exceptional
5.6%
Exceptional
5.6%
Self-Care
Exceptional
2.2%
Exceptional
2.3%